Lemon v. Kurtzman at 50

2021 marks the fiftieth anniversary of the Supreme Court case, Lemon v. Kurtzman. Its majority opinion, authored by Chief Justice Warren Burger, is well-known for giving us what would come to be called "The Lemon Test," a three-pronged analytical tool that Burger claimed is the "cumulative criteria developed by the Court over many years." It was, in Burger's mind, a succinct summary of what "may be gleaned" from the Court’s prior rulings in Establishment Clause cases: "First, the statute must have a secular legislative purpose; second, its principal or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion, … finally, the statute must not foster `'an excessive government entanglement with religion.'" According to Burger, if the law or policy in question fails any one of the test’s three prongs, then the law or policy violates the Establishment Clause.