In the 21st century, it's common to think of Europe's medieval era as an occluded one in terms of intellectual history, a time when religion ruled and artistic and scientific progress stalled out. But this 13th century disagreement between two university departments, arts and theology, would prompt medieval thinkers to consider ideas that might seem surprisingly modern. By rejecting a key Aristotelian principle, Tempier inspired later medieval scholars to develop a multiverse theory and to consider the possibilities of faraway planets and alien beings.