One day in late June in the year 1215, a royal official escorted by an armed guard rode into the city of Lincoln in northern England, climbing the steep hill that leads to the castle walls and the towering cathedral. The official was carrying a small roll of parchment with orders to deliver it into the hands of the city’s bishop. It was one of thirteen copies of the Magna Carta, the Great Charter that King John of England had just been forced to issue by a group of rebellious barons—a document that today is revered across the world as the foundation of justice and freedom from oppression.